The Invention of Penicillin

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In 1928, a British scientist named Alexander Fleming made a discovery that changed the world of medicine. While studying bacteria in his laboratory, he noticed that a type of mold had accidentally grown on one of his petri dishes. Around the mold, the bacteria had disappeared. Fleming realized that the mold, later identified as Penicillium notatum, produced a substance that killed bacteria. He named it penicillin. This marked the beginning of antibiotics, which have since saved millions of lives. However, it took over ten years for penicillin to be developed into a medicine that could be widely used. Today, antibiotics like penicillin are still essential in treating infections, but doctors warn against overusing them, as bacteria can become resistant. Fleming’s discovery was a turning point in medical history, showing how even accidents can lead to great achievements.

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What did Fleming notice about the mold on his petri dish?

It eradicated the bacteria around it

It produced a pigment or color alteration in the dish

It smelled bad

It helped the bacteria grow faster

Why is penicillin considered important in medical history?

It paved the way for antibiotics

It made medicine more affordable

It aided in vaccine formulation

It cured the common cold

What warning do doctors give about using antibiotics today?

That penicillin is effective against every disease

That antibiotics have become ineffective

That they are dangerous to healthy people

Excessive use can lead to bacterial resistance

What does this story show about scientific discovery?

Medicine has not changed much

Serendipitous events can lead to major discoveries

Experimental success generally requires careful design and planning

Science is not dependent on chance

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ペニシリンの発明

1928年、イギリスの科学者アレクサンダー・フレミングは、医学の世界を変える発見をしました。実験室で細菌を研究していたとき、ペトリ皿の一つに偶然カビが生えているのに気づきました。そのカビの周りでは、細菌が消えていたのです。フレミングは、そのカビ（後にペニシリウム・ノタタムと特定された）が細菌を殺す物質を出していると気づき、それを「ペニシリン」と名付けました。これは抗生物質の始まりであり、それ以来、何百万もの命が救われてきました。しかし、ペニシリンが広く使用される薬として開発されるまでには10年以上かかりました。現在でもペニシリンのような抗生物質は感染症の治療に不可欠ですが、細菌が耐性を持つ可能性があるため、医師は乱用に注意するよう警告しています。フレミングの発見は医学史における大きな転換点であり、偶然の出来事が偉大な成果につながることを示しています。